Illegal Immigrants - 1201 Words

Illegal Immigrants With the rise of illegal immigrants, the United States has had difficulties solving the issue for a long time. Hence, there’re many factors for the causes and solutions from different branches and the government. â€Å"Amnesty?† and â€Å"Why blame Mexico?† are two articles that discuss the reasons for millions of Mexicans risking their lives to come illegally to the U.S. and indeed illustrate the writer’s perspectives and ideas for those people. In â€Å"Amnesty?†, John F. Kavanaugh, a Jesuit professor of philosophy, presents the illegal immigrants problem based upon the morality of a Judeo-Christian country. The writer begins by a sensational example of an illegal Mexican named Marà ­a. She is a productive woman, a mother of†¦show more content†¦So overall, we reject having illegal immigrants in theory but in reality want them to stay to do our work. This is a conflict situation but also the comprehensive warrant that Reed wants the readers to recognize and understand. He also proves how poorly our law is obeyed. For instance, if a restaurant is caught hiring illegals, there’ll be $1,000 a day fine. This amount is very small compared to the benefits a restaurant would get from hiring illegals. On the other hand, the business smuggling illegals into the U.S., happen everyday by the border guards. The controlled immigration system is corrupt because of the flow of money. While the border guards could g ain up to approximately $300,000 per day, tax-free, from this activity, it’s nearly impossible to ask someone to refuse such a paycheck. In additional, there are legal Latino and Mexican-American communities that are starting to grow and vote. Hence, they shall try to protect these illegal immigrants, who are also their countryman, as much as possible. From Reed’s point of view, he doesn’t think that the issues caused by Mexico but rather by America. He gives us the example of Mexico’s policies to convince us that they are reasonable and that we should at least give ourselves a second thought about our policies. Mexico’s policies for foreigners are generally friendly and open for citizenship, but still under control and require immigrants to reach certainShow MoreRelatedIllegal Immigrants : An Illegal Immigrant959 Words   |  4 PagesAn illegal immigrant defined, by law is a person of a foreign nationality immigrating to the US without the permis sion of the government. Many people view people who do come to the US without that permission as an â€Å"Illegal Immigrant†. And many of those people are viewed by other as criminals, but what makes them criminals. But what if someone was forced to come to the US when they are kid does that still make them an Illegal Immigrant. Should those kids still be labeled as an illegal immigrant, evenRead MoreIllegal Immigrants : Illegal Chinese Immigrants1535 Words   |  7 PagesIn the story of Forbidden Workers - Illegal Chinese Immigrants in New York, we are given a look at American Society from the perspective of an illegal immigrant who is taken advantage of because of their status and the vulnerable position that they are put in because of it. Peter Kwong provides a broad, but subjective, analysis of American life, labor laws, and other key points in immigration. However, while the message Kwong conveys with this interesting and informational work, it is hindered byRead MoreIl legal Immigrants1298 Words   |  6 Pages27, 2012 The Benefits of Illegal Immigrants Are illegal immigrants or undocumented immigrants beneficial to America’s economy? Most illegal immigrants have a positive impact on the United States (U.S.) economy. Illegal immigrants have a positive impact on the United States economy because they increase our tax revenue, they add to our social security, and they also increase our employment rates.† In 2000, statistics revealed 8.7 million illegal immigrants resided in the United States†Read MoreIllegal Immigrants And Illegal Immigration1100 Words   |  5 PagesIllegal immigration Over the past few years illegal immigration has become a bigger problem. Statistics reveal that more and more immigrants are entering the country illegally by crossing the borders. If something is not done soon, this may get out of hand and be to gone far not to handle. The number of illegal immigrants have gone up over the past years drastically In 2011, there were 40 million immigrants in the U.S. Of that 11.1 million were illegal. Although the number of illegalRead MoreIllegal Immigrants Should Be Illegal1456 Words   |  6 Pagesmillion illegal immigrants live in America† (Watkins). According to the recent study, â€Å"The Percentage of immigrants living in the U.S.A. is almost fourteen percent†(Wooldridge). This problem is an issue to the U.S. and will be an issue to all of the nations including europe, asia, etcetera. if it is not fixed. Reason is that the immigrants get more government help or welfare some may call it, than the registered citizens of America. Studies show that 51 percent of homes led by immigrants are gettingRead MoreAn Illegal Mexican Immigrant Immigrants1505 Words   |  7 Pagesfurtively, preferably beneath the protective cover of darkness, jumping fences, eluding guards and dodging two hundred -ton l ocomotives in a perilous dash for the most elusive of prizes, a free ride to the north. According to Jose Flores, an illegal Mexican immigrant seeking work in the United States says, â€Å"To be truthful, I have no idea of precisely where this train goes, other than it takes us to el norte† (Griffin 363+). The fact that each night literally hundreds of men and women clamber over theRead MoreIllegal Immigration And Illegal Immigrants1335 Words   |  6 PagesIllegal immigration has been one of the main topics during the last three presidential election. Many bills and laws have been passed in order to keep them out but is it really necessary to neglect illegal immigrant? Most Americans believe that illegal immigrants are only people of Mexicans or Latin American descent but illegal immigrants can be from any race or country. Illegal immigration is defined by United States Department of Homeland Security as â€Å"†¦ all foreign-born non-citizens who are notRead MoreIllegal Immigrants And Illegal Immigration1286 Words   |  6 Pagesanalysis of illegal immigration in the United States reveals one challenge facing the banks and other institutions: whether to provide banking and other services to the illegal immigrants or to treat them as criminals because they are illegal and therefore, not to provide them with banking and other services. The articles, â€Å"Crossing the Line† by Stein and â€Å"Illegal Immigrants – They’re Money,† by Rodriguez discuss the impact of illegal immigration in the United States and how the illegal immigrants shouldRead MoreIllegal Immigrants And Illegal Immigration964 Words   |  4 Pages Attention Step (quotation, question, or story) About four months ago in government class, we had a class discussion. The topic was illegal immigration. One student said that America should send the illegal immigrants back to their country because they are taking American’s jobs. He stated that he would send his dad back to Mexico because he is an illegal immigrant. Going around the circle that we created, everyone gave their opinions, most disagreed, but some agreed with the student. When it wasRead MoreIllegal Immigrants And Illegal Immigration1073 Words   |  5 Pagesdecades, the rise of illegal immigrants has been both good and bad. The topic of illegal immigration has recently been brought up frequently by politicians, seeing the economic problems that have occurred. An â€Å"illegal† immigrant is somebody who enters a country without following the proper legal requirements to make them a citizen. Illegal immigration is not only taking place in the United States, but all over the globe. The United States has s een the most amount of illegal immigrants by far. A 2010 Census

Essay on Africa - 515 Words

Europe tried to take many countries, Africa being one of them. The European countries had an effect on Africa today throughout all the primes. Europe had an effect on the African way of life, that in some ways were good, and in some ways bad. Imperialism is defined as the extension or rule or influence by one government, nation, or society over the political, economic, or cultural life of another. European nations decided they wanted land in the mostly unexplored continent, and they took it, without the consent of the African people. Europe brought Christian ideas into Africa. Religion was changed from what it would have been to Christianity today. If you look at most of the countries in Africa such as Angola, Congo, Ghana or Zimbabwe†¦show more content†¦European Imperialist Policies made Africa lose history of their culture and brought racism to Africa. Europeans wanted to change Africans to be more like them, changing their religion, changing their life style and making them slaves. Slavery led to the loss of culture because after a while Africans began to think of themselves as lower class; since that’s what they were treated like. The Westernized minority, influenced by European culture and Christiani ty, first rejected African traditional culture. Slavery lead to people hating Africa, Africans and the African culture. Which leads to the Africa culture and traditions being diminished. Why would anyone want to practice a certain religion or traditions if they were labeled as wrong, or unethical. Traditionally, the majority of Africans have been farmers and herders who raised crops and livestock. When Europeans started colonizing they demanded agricultural and mineral products. Safer technology and ways of farming were learned and brought to Africa. European technology and crops were introduced and a modern exchange economy started. The technology was starting to grow, there were new machines and easier ways to do things Africans never thought of. Africa today has changed a lot from European countries and the imperialist policies. The Europeans tore into the African continent and succeeded in destroying the African way of life. Thousands of people wereShow MoreRelatedRelationship Between Africa And Africa987 Words   |  4 PagesAfrica could have developed trade relations with any other country but why with Europe? During the fifteenth (15th) century Africa developed a very unique relationship with Europe ¹. Before Africa and Europe established their trade relationship, the African s economic status was way ahead of Europe s.1 It was said that â€Å"The West African empire of Mali was larger than Western Europe and reputed to be one of the richest and most powerful states in the world.†2 Africa was known for its gold, whichRead MoreMultilateral Relations Between Africa And Africa1407 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction Africa, once regarded as ‘good for nothing but exploitation’, however, the block has gradually gained modest relations, and aspiring to cultivate a multifaceted partnership with major global political players in all directions from Left-Right, East–West, North-South, and South-South. The two major partners forged their own cooperation are Peoples Republic of China and United States of America and the partnerships they created are known as Sino - Africa relations named ‘Forum on China-AfricaRead MoreScramble for Africa835 Words   |  4 PagesEuropean powers were involved in Africa since the mid-1500s but had restricted their area of influence to only the coastal regions of Western Africa, where powers such as Great Britain established hubs for their highly profitable slave trade (David). Over a period of nearly three hundred years, European ships had transported more than 11 million people from Africa to different areas of the world, including America afte r the slave trade was abolished in Europe, and sold them into slavery (David)Read MoreThe Scramble for Africa1154 Words   |  5 Pages What was the Scramble for Africa? The Scramble for Africa was a period of time where major European countries fought over and colonized land in Africa, stretching from South Africa to Egypt. The scramble for Africa began shortly after the slave trade, and ended at WW1, and is a strong representation of the ‘New Imperialism’. The first country to act was Belgium, who colonized Congo at 1885, but soon, other countries such as Portugal and Great Britain joined in in order to not miss out. FirstlyRead MoreHunger in Africa905 Words   |  4 PagesSummative Task HUNGER IN AFRICA Christine Mande HEOR-02 Mr.Dragan January 18th 2013 Hunger is one of the most common problems in the world. It is such a dangerous thing. It kills more people in a year than AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis combined. Many countries struggle with famine and they don’t have much help either. Countries like Somalia, Ethiopia, Mozambique and Sudan are some of the countries that suffer from hunger more than others do. In Africa there are 60% of people whoRead MoreThe And Its Effects On Africa1550 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"In time, we shall be in a position to bestow on Africa the greatest possible gift - a more human face.†Ã¢â‚¬â€Steve Biko. The continent that the rest of the world looks down upon is struggling for a different reason than you may think. Though the white-washed, western world often believes Africa to be a land of inferior civilizations, inferior people, or inferior culture, all of these small civilizations that have spanned the continent for thousands of years cannot be blamed for any economic disadvantagesRead MoreThe Blessing Of Africa838 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"THE BLESSING OF AFRICA† God had deposited great wealth in Sub Saharan Africa and its lands holds the largest amount of the world’s wealth and treasures. Africa produces and export 60 percent of the world’s mineral resources, and supplies the largest amount of world’s precious stones. The nation of Africa is rich in metals, diamonds, gold, cobalt, beryllium, chromium, manganese, lithium, radium, oil, vanadium, metric tons, phosphate, copper, dolerite, granite, lead, bauxite, aluminum ore, QuartziteRead MoreColonization in Africa991 Words   |  4 PagesEuropean colonization effected Africa negatively, as it resulted in the continent being taken advantage of, people and resources exploited, and their economical standpoint being very low. By looking at Africa’s experience with the Berlin Conference and the effects it had, we can see how greatly the continent was negatively influenced. The Berlin Conference brought King Leopold II into Africa, but the world did not know that it would result in genocide of about 5,000 people in Sierra Leone. ContinuingRead MoreTransatlantic Trade Between Africa And Africa2039 Words   |  9 Pagestransatlantic slave trade occurred throughout the world and lasted well over four hundred years. Oversea trade between Africa a nd the Portuguese, along with other European kingdoms, formed, which began what is known as the transatlantic slave trade. Along with a variety of goods, copious amounts of slaves, roughly twenty-five million, were traded between the continents of Europe and Africa. Driving the trade were politics, economics, religion, business, and a desire for profit. Along with the majorityRead MorePoaching in Africa1243 Words   |  5 Pages Endangered animals all over Africa are on the verge of extinction due to human greed. It is very difficult to even fathom how many animals are lost each year to poaching. Animals are being stripped for their parts and left for dead. Poaching has completely exhausted animal populations in Africa, which damages the environment, and is affecting people all over the world both socially and through international relations. Poaching is a growing activity in Africa and it is dangerously depleting animal

Dead Stars-Paz Marquez Benitez free essay sample

It serves as a literary time machine for readers as it enables them to understand how courtship, marriage and fidelity were viewed through the early 1900 standards. It renders a sound comparison between the past and the present, the existing modern culture and the fading, almost obsolete tradition. Although the comparison and contrast provides a good critical foundation, another highly significant aspect of this short story involves the main character, Alfredo Salazar, which, always applies to whatever era, hence the focus of this paper. His confusion, weakness and unreasonableness are innate flaws of humans. Perhaps one of the many reasons why this work is timeless is that readers never fail to see a part of them in Alfredo Salazar’s character, making the short story a rich source of serious ruminations on society, love and humanity. People oftentimes give high regard to the society in which they belong. They try to adhere to the norms, traditions and culture of their society, though sometimes the conformity would require them to sacrifice a part of themselves – an opinion, an emotion or a decision. We will write a custom essay sample on Dead Stars-Paz Marquez Benitez or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, there are cases wherein the established norms and rules of society are the ones which should prevail. In Dead Stars, the main character, Alfredo Salazar, was torn between making two important decisions – to marry or not to marry. But just like other dilemmas, the crossroad in which he found himself in was not to be solved without harming anyone. He was engaged to Esperanza, his fiancee of four years. Theirs was undoubtedly a love that was true. But for some reasons, apparently on Alfredo’s part, a change of heart has taken place. He has fallen for Julia Salas, the sister-in-law of the judge whom his father had a meeting with. After spending several afternoons and conversations, he found himself slowly getting attached to her that he started losing concern for Esperanza. In the end, however, he married his fiancee and though their marriage was not an unhappy one, he still could not take the possibilities of a future with Julia off his mind. Until one day, their paths crossed again and he realized one painful truth that led him to liberation at last. Human emotions are very intricate and delicate both at its lowest and highest. And so is love. When Alfredo was still passionately attached to Esperanza, he was overwhelmed. Taking the conversation of Alfredo’s sister, Carmen, and his father, Don Julian into consideration, readers can deliberately conclude that he was indeed in love. . . . â€Å"Papa, do you remember how much in love he was? † â€Å"In love? With whom? † â€Å"With Esperanza of course. He has not had another love affair that I know of,† she said with good-natured contempt. â€Å"What I mean is that in the beginning he was enthusiastic – flowers, serenades, notes and things like that. ’ The excerpt was a good manifestation of how change in men occurs. But since change is men’s â€Å"wine and bread† according to Angela Manalang-Gloria, it is as essential as living itself, and therefore the most important things to be considered after the transition are the causes, the way one deals with change and the consequences. Alfredo was aware of the cause of his change as what is shown in the following paragraph: Why would men so mismanage their lives? Greed, he thought, was what ruined so many. Greed – the desire to crowd into a moment all the enjoyment it will hold, to squeeze from the hour all the emotions it will yield. Men commit themselves when but half-meaning to do so, sacrificing possible future fullness of ecstasy to the craving for immediate excitement. . . Another significant reason as to his emotional wanderings could be the length of time n which he was engaged o Esperanza. As what Don Julian had philosophize, couples who were engaged for so long become too comfortable and familiar with each other that the spark of love that was felt at the time the romance was just starting to blossom would expectantly cool down – that it â€Å"argues a certain placidity of temperament – or of affection – on the part of either, or both†. Another factor to be considered was the contrast of Alfredo and Julia’s personalities. Alfredo was â€Å"calm and placid† while Julia was lively and full of vitality. The difference between them must have excited him as he saw in her the things he lacked. However, though aware he was of the possible reasons why he, as well as men, or even humans in general, succumb to acts or thoughts of subtle infidelity, his attitude towards what is moral and not becomes shadowed in the attempts to justify his own behavior. Stances about the argument he had with Esperanza regarding the latter’s anger toward Calixta’s cohabitation with he man she’s not married to, may vary. But again, one’s act was expected to adhere with what is the established morality in a certain society. Because of what seemed as a liberal notion, Alfredo was trapped in a situation where he has to defend himself and in the process, what was manifested was his greed. â€Å"One tries to be fair – according to his lights – but it is hard. One would like to be fair to one’s self first. † But the wedding materialized; He chose not to break his word probably in order to save himself, Esperanza and Julia from social ridicule. He felt that his moral and social obligations were already fulfilled upon choosing not to cause humiliation to them all. The way in which he chose to deal with his internal change was to consider the way in which the society will view the people involved. But perhaps he felt that in doing so he has deprived himself of fairness. So he became distant and unreachable to Esperanza although he stayed with her and treated her gently. He has developed the skill in being unaffected and somehow mastered the art of being detached. After several years, he was sent by his profession in search for the elusive Brigida Samuy and into the hometown of Julia Salas. Upon seeing her and finding out that she never married, he started to notice that she lost something, even doubted if the loss was his. As he tried to find the answer, a great realization dawned on him. . . . So all these years – since when? – he had seen the light of dead stars, long extinguished, yet seemingly still in their appointed places in the heavens. Therefore, the love he thought he felt for her during the short summer they shared was not the love that was enough to break an engagement. Nor was it love in its strictest definition. Instead, it was desire that sprung from the coldness that slowly crept in his relationship with Esperanza due to their long-time familiarity with each other. It was excitement that was ignited by boredom and â€Å"the last spurt of hot blood. † Alfredo symbolizes the greed and indecisiveness of men when it comes to dealing with the matters of the emotion. He had entertained the pull of an anonymous feeling. Anonymous since he never really ventured to understand it but he clung to it anyway. And in the process he lost a part of himself and deprived that part to Esperanza as well. Had it not been for chasing the lights of an illusive love that was long dead, or worse, never was, would Alfredo be happier in his marriage? Is it fair to say that he has wasted the milestones of a blissful marriage with a woman he loved first all for the sake of an impossible whim? Considering the disappointment he manifested upon realizing what he lost, the answer, is yes. Dead stars is a short story by Paz Marquez Benitez, written in 1925. It is a story about a game of love. A game between three lovers trapped in a situation that might change their life forever. Alfredo Salazar is a lawyer and the main character in the story. He is the love of the life of Esperanza. They have been together for four years and meant to get married in May. Their relationship in the beginning was full of enthusiasm, full of love and happiness. But like other long term relationships, their feelings for each other changes as time goes by. Esperanza was beautiful, elegant, reserved, and distinctly not average type of a woman. She loves her Alfredo so much and trusted him with her whole heart. After their four years of engagement, Alfredo thought of finding his real wants. When Alfredo tried to do some neighboring with his dad Don Julian, he met Julia Salas, their neighbors sister-in-law. She was just a visitor in town and been there for only six weeks. They found good company between themselves and as they knew it, it became a weekly habit for Alfredo to visit her after every Sundays mass. Julia is the average type, not so beautiful but still it interests Alfredo so much. As they grew their new friendship, Alfredo found new happiness and starts to fall for her. One day, his family invited Julias family in their coconut plantation near their beach. Its a chance for them to have some quality time together, but this is also the time to say goodbye. Julia is planning to leave the town and go back home. It breaks the heart of Alfredo and made him more confused than ever. He is thinking of choosing Julia over his fiancee Esperanza, but what people will say is what he thinks matter most. He married Esperanza after Julia left the town, he was not unhappy and realizes that everything have fallen back into place. After eight years of marriage, Alfredo still cant get over Julias memories. His thought of Julia is hunting him, and those what-ifs dilemma. Would he be happier if he chose Julia instead of Esperanza? One day, he had the chance to come to the homeland of Julia in Santa Cruz. He doesnt know the exact place where Julia lives but she mentioned the street one time they were chatting, Calle Luz. He tried to find a woman sitting in the window, and his right, he found her. Theres nothing much changed, he missed sitting and chatting right next to her, but he found something missing. Everything about her seems to be just the same since she left, but theres something in her that Alfredo cannot find anymore. He never knew until he realizes that the magic is gone. The love he ever knew he has for Julia is gone. After all those years that he knew he loved her, was just like looking at a star. A star he ever wanted to touch, to feel and the thing he wanted for the rest of his life. But this star is too far from his reach, it brights from a far but dies when youre near. It was all a dream, he thought hell never wake but its been years since he woke up. After all, it was loving a dead star, its already dead but still you see the light. Paz Marquez Benitez made her mark in Philippine literature because her work Dead Stars is considered the first modern Philippine short story. She presented the story under the perception of Alfredo Salazar, how he sets his mind, how confused he is and how he made his decision. She focused the story mostly between Alfredo and Julia because its the only complication. Everything changed since they met and back to normal when they fell apart. She intends to tell the readers how to handle such situation thats too possible to happen to anyone. She knows how Filipino reacts in the past times, like they were very conservative and traditional, and it really affects every decision we make as seen by the society. The author also shows how hard it is to choose between two things you love and like, you want and need, you should and not, and its all when love and fate collide. The story Dead Stars is a wonderful story about love that could inspire readers from every generation. The setting and date of the story was from a long time ago but we could still relate it somehow in our time today. The Filipino traditions that the author showed in the story, can still be seen in our modern life. The society and their affection for ones act, is still happening anywhere in the Philippines. We still couldnt make our own decisions without thinking what this so-called society will say. It could be a good or bad thing to ask or at least think of what people might say. Good, because everyone around us might be affected on every decision we make, and we should care about their feelings about the situation. Bad, because you are not being true to yourself and youre not free to listen to your own mind and heart, which is the very important source of every decision. For me, if I were Alfredo, I would do what my heart tells me and choose whom I really love no matter what the cost is, in the end. I believe that time doesnt matter, even if I love someone for a long time, it doesnt mean that I will love him forever. Everything in this world is just temporary and Im ready to accept my fate if after all this feeling will just fade. In the situation of Alfredo and Julia, where he fell in love with a span of only six weeks, it could be the love that will last forever. If he chose Julia, he could have been happier, because its true. He love her even though shes not so beautiful, he love her because of the reason love itself.

Wells Fargo free essay sample

Online Banking Financial Services First electronic banking product in 1989 First major U. S. bank to offer Internet access Wells Fargo Online Financial Services (A) Harvard Case Solution Analysis Wells Fargo, the leader in electronic banking transactions Balanced Scorecard in its online financial services group (OFS) to track and measure performance. OFS Group develops and supports services that allow existing and future customers to transact banking over the Internet. The new division is facing rapid change and must invest heavily in new technologies and the development of innovative products and services. OFS has been found difficult to balance the need for a clearly articulated strategy and measurable goals with the flexibility required in a dynamic environment. Wells Fargo was a culture that encompasses financial performance. However, OFS management believes that its business can not be measured and evaluated on the basis of financial indicators alone. For example, the group was not yet profitable, but under the condition that a critical component of long-term strategy of the bank. We will write a custom essay sample on Wells Fargo or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page OFS Group believed that the Balanced Scorecard will allow them to develop a number of complex, multi-dimensional measures for assessing the performance of its objectives and to communicate and update their strategies in a rapidly changing environment. â€Å"Hide by Robert S. Kaplan, Nicole Tempest Source: Harvard Business School 18 pages. Publication Date: June 12, 1998. Prod. #: 198146-PDF-ENG Abstract Wells Fargo, the industry leader in electronic banking, has implemented a Balanced Scorecard in its online financial services group (OFS) to track and measure performance. The OFS group develops and supports services that allow existing and future banking customers to perform transactions via the Internet. The new division faces rapid change and must invest heavily in new technology and in the development of innovative products and services. OFS was finding it difficult to balance the need for a clearly articulated strategy and measurable objectives with the flexibility required in its dynamic environment. Wells Fargo had a culture that embraced financial metrics. Yet OFS management believed that its business could not be measured and evaluated on the basis of financial metrics alone. For example, the group was not yet profitable, yet it provided a critical component to the banks long-term strategy. The OFS group believed that the Balanced Scorecard would allow them to develop a set of integrated, multidimensional measures to assess performance against its goals and to communicate and update its strategy in a rapidly changing environment. Email this CASE (FIELD) Wells Fargo Online Financial Services (A) by Robert S. Kaplan, Nicole Tempest Source: Harvard Business School 18 pages. Publication Date: Jun 12, 1998. Prod. #: 198146-PDF-ENG Wells Fargo, the industry leader in electronic banking, has implemented a Balanced Scorecard in its online financial services group (OFS) to track and measure performance. The OFS group develops and supports services that allow existing and future banking customers to perform transactions via the Internet. The new division faces rapid change and must invest heavily in new technology and in the development of innovative products and services. OFS was finding it difficult to balance the need for a clearly articulated strategy and measurable objectives with the flexibility required in its dynamic environment. Wells Fargo had a culture that embraced financial metrics. Yet OFS management believed that its business could not be measured and evaluated on the basis of financial metrics alone. For example, the group was not yet profitable, yet it provided a critical component to the banks long-term strategy. The OFS group believed that the Balanced Scorecard would allow them to develop a set of integrated, multidimensional measures to assess performance against its goals and to communicate and update its strategy in a rapidly changing environment. Wells Fargo Online Financial Services Since its inception, Wells Fargo Bank (Wells Fargo) has been focused on using financial measures to assess performance and make strategic decisions. Headquartered in San Francisco, California, Well Fargo was the second largest bank in California and was one of the largest banks in the United States with approximately $100 billion in assets in 1997. As of December 1997, Wells Fargo served 10 million households in ten western states, while operating over 1,900 staffed retail outlets and 4,400 automated teller machines. As the banking industry has continued to grow, shifts in consumer needs and demands have caused banks to be much more aggressive and competitive in the services they provide. Wells Fargo has tasked its organization with being at the forefront of this competition in the banking industry. It has used outside- the-box thinking to produce such ideas as extended and weekend hours, ATMs, in grocery stores, and one-stop-shopping banking centers. By being the first to implement many of these ideas, Wells Fargo has been able to enhance its brand image and attract many new consumers. This was clearly the case in 1995 when Wells Fargo launched into the Online Financial Services (OFS) realm (Electronic banking, PC Banking, Internet Banking). The OFS group started off slow, with approximately only 10,000 consumers, or one percent of its current client base accessing their accounts via the web. Those numbers did not stop Wells Fargo OFS group from continuing to expand its online presence, and soon it introduced items, such as a website and online bill pay. Management understood the importance of the consumer continuum and felt strongly that the internet was not only the next step, but would eventually be a vital part of everyday life, paralleling expected PC and internet growth. While WFOFS continued to request more resources in an attempt to attract more consumers to OFS, it still faced many issues. First, as a first mover it needed to continue to bolster and improve their client base accessing their accounts via the web. Wells Fargo was in a growth environment where new projects and opportunities were raised both internally and externally. Secondly, as Wells Fargo began to have success in its OFS group, many banks were quick to implement copycat products, increasing competition in the online financial services market. Finally, cost and revenue recognition were not concrete with the OFS group. Costs were being incurred to start this new department, but OFS was saving costs that other departments would have incurred. Wells Fargo’s stance on success in the past had strictly been financial, but the OFS results were not as clear or as quickly understood by internal and external stakeholders. Therefore, Wells Fargo needed a new standard to measure success, one that not only focused on financials, but also on strategy and creating long-term value for its company and stakeholders. Developing a Balanced Scorecard General reasons / benefits of uses scorecard Specific reasons for WF to apply the scorecard As mentioned previously, in the mid-eighties WF had become increasing customer centric with extended hours and increased accessibility but this change has clashed a culture that focused primary on financial measures. It was understood that something needed to change in order to shift the focus to longer term goals and better align daily activity to its long-term strategy. Wells Fargo needed to develop a key piece of infrastructure to help synchronize the OFS strategy with their daily execution plans and translating those executions into measurable results. This tool would enable the OFS group to communicate with the senior management team of Wells Fargo but it would also allow it to communicate with other departments across the Wells Fargo company. Wells Fargo decided to develop a balanced scorecard for two main reasons. First, the balanced scorecard provided a mechanism to ensure the OFS group plans supported its overarching vision while creating a set of objective measures of performance. Second, the balance scorecard put a premium on the elements that make up success by placing a strong emphasis on quantitative measures for evaluating business performance. The balanced scorecard helps managers stay in tune with all of the objectives. More specifically: The leaders of Wells Fargo Online Financial Service organization recognized that financial measures only were insufficient in capturing and communicating the status, goals, and performance of their business unit. They needed to identify the factors that drove their business and develop a way to measure them. The constantly changing nature of the technology required that the OFS constantly adjust to keep up. The constant change begged for a tool that would help keep everyone focused on the ultimate strategy of the firm and avoid being mired in adopting new technologies. [STRIKE THIS PARAGRAPH NEESE COMMENT] Being a cost center and earning very little direct revenue requires a deep understanding of strategic intent First mover requires harmonization of long term thinking with short term metrics. Did not expect break even until 2000, this would indicate that the units financial goals would be to acheive less of a loss, rather than positive attribute. Moral considerations.. f profit maximization is the overall goal, OFS would not be a contributor under purely financial metrics, this requires an understanding purpose / strategy Objectives for Increasing Revenue per Customer Wells Fargo should have four primary objectives when pursuing the goals of increasing revenue per customer. First they should focus on improving the functionality of transactions to From Click to Close. Ensuring a quick and easy transaction for the customer lowers their transaction costs and increasing the value of Wells Fargos Service. Next they should strive for seamless integration of their cross-selling efforts across the website. Products should be offered in conjunction with related products, for example if a customer if seeking checking their balance, rates for Mortgages of a 3rd party provide should non-intrusively be listed along the border of the website. In order to insure Wells Fargos Online services are providing a full solution for their customers needs they should expand their portfolio of products available online to include all financial services appropriate. Wells Fargo should improve the actual performance of the site itself to support the additional functionality and services being offered. Improved site performance will insure that there are no lost opportunities for revenue due to downtime or slow time. Finally in support of their seamless integration of cross selling and expanded portfolio objective, Wells Fargo should Deepen the relationship with the 3rd Party Alliance Partners that support their non-branded offerings. The deepened relationship should include coop-marketing opportunities on the partner websites and reciprocal referral links to encourage their customers to enroll for Wells Fargo Online banking . Improve functionality from Click to Close Seamless Integration of Cross Selling Expand Product Portfolio Improve Site Performance Deepen Relationship with 3d Party Alliance Partners Objectives for reducing cost per customer Wells Fargo should have four primary objectives when pursuing the goals of reducing cost per customer. First they should focus on reducing resolution time for issues for both technical and enrollemnt issues. This can be done by training call center associates to quickly help the customers. A reduced resolution time means less labor, happier customers and more enrollments. As those calls are coming in the call center associates should be thoroughly record issues so that Wells Fargo associates can study and address the root causes of calls Wells Fargo. Using that information they can now develop self help tools for enrollment that will be more effective in quickly getting customers enrolled and reduce the number of calls and emails needed to resolve issues. Often customers would prefer to use self help tool in favor of calling a help center so again by improving a functionality of the site itself call center expenses could be reduced while pleasing the customer with improved functionality. As the functionality of the website is improved adding customers to spread the cost of service should be the next priority. By stream-lining the process of enrollment and making it easier Wells Fargo can make enrollment quicker and cheaper. Finally Wells Fargo should address non-enrollment issues the same way as the enrollment issues, by studying the root cause of issues or complaints and using the information to improve the Help Feature as issues are identified. Reduce Resolution time for technical and enrollment issues Develop Self Help Tools for Enrollment Increase Ease of Online Enrollment Improve Help Feature Functionality What elements of this case still apply today russell Elements that apply today: 3 strategies: Adding and retaining high value customers, increasing revenue per customer, reducing cost per customer Innovaton and adapting to meet customer needs: -2004 webMethods Customer Innovation Award Winner The Wells Fargo – Wachovia Blog is created when Wachovia became part of Wells Fargo. The purpose is to help customers understand more about what’s going on – post merger. Guided By History – This blog is intended to help provide a rich online experience that bridges events in the past with an outlook on the future. The Student LoanDown – this is a blog aimed at helping students’ finance their college education. StageCoach Island Stagecoach Island is an online virtual world created by Wells Fargo for young adults. The purpose is to help young adults connect with friends and make new ones, and learn smart money management. CEO Blog Get the inside scoop on whats cooking in Wells Fargos product areas with the CEO ® blog. What new products are we thinking about building for our commercial customers? What changes are we making to existing treasury management products? Log into CEO portal and visit our blog today. Cross sell branded and nonbranded products to increase revenue per customer: -average cross sell ratio for financial institutions is 2, WFOFS is 5. 5? Develop and implement cost effective marketing programs: -Bottom line: The banks willingness to try new things has created an impressive lists of firsts: First U. S. bank with a blog First bank with a student loan blog First bank with a business banking blog First bank in the world with a Second Life presence First bank on MySpace at Wells Fargo free essay sample IntroductionWells Fargo is an American multinational in the banking and financial services sector. The company was founded in 1852 and is headquartered in San Francisco, California with operations in over 35 countries across the globe and over 70 million customers. Since its established, the bank has grown significantly and is currently ranked as the second largest in terms of market capitalization. It was ranked as the worlds largest bank in 2015. However it faced a major scandal involving establishment of fake accounts by its employees which resulted to a drop in position to be ranked second after JPMorgan Chase bank.VisionThe companys vision is to satisfy our customers financial needs and help them succeed financially. ValuesThe companys values are as outlined below;†¢ Whats right for customers†¢ People as a competitive advantage†¢ Ethics†¢ Diversity and inclusion†¢ LeadershipEthical cultureThe company has a string ethical culture which is highlighted by the fact that ethics has been included in the companys values. We will write a custom essay sample on Wells Fargo or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There is significant commitment to achieving high integrity and transparency standards in its operations. Focus is also made in doing things the right way and ensuring that everyone is accountable.Social responsibility in Wells FargoThere are different ways in which the company demonstrates social responsibility in its operations. One of these is by ensuring that it issues financial reports which offers information on its operations to different stakeholders. Economic empowerment is a major area of focus for the company where it supports local communities to achieve self-sufficiency. A good example is the economic empowerment of small business owners with the right products and services as well as knowledge and tools that help them to grow. The company also focuses on environmental sustainability where it works towards lowering levels of carbon emission by adapting clean energy such as solar. Wells Fargo also engages different stakeholders in coming up with new innovations to reduce waste and conserve resources. The company and advances diversion and inclusion by offering equal opportunities and ensuring that all members of the organization feel valued (Wells Fargo, 2018).Wells Fargo products/servicesWells Fargo offers a wide range of services including taking deposits and loan financing, asset management, equipment financing, financial consultancy as well as retirement services and trusts among others. The company also offers international and investment banking services such as foreign exchange, investment banking and treasury management.Wells Fargo CustomersWells Fargo serves customers who seek financial services such as deposits, taking loans and services as well as customers who require financial consultancy servi ces. They include both companies as well as individuals who require personal financial services or for a business. External and internal trends affecting the businessThere are different internal and external trends that affect Wells Fargo in its operations and ability to achieve set goals. Economic trends is one of the key factors that affect the bank where cases of inflation result to increased costs of operations and lower demand for its services. The bank is also affected by technological trends which offer an opportunity to improve services offered to customers through innovation and automation. Technology also poses a threat of security for banks given the increased level of cybercrime. Changing regulatory environment is another trend that is likely to affect the business as it determines the ability to keep up with set standards. Internal trends include increased competition in the labor market as well as the rise of social media platforms which affect relations within the bank (White, 2017).Corporate leadershipTimothy J. Sloan is the current CEO and president of Wells Fargo. He is also a member of the board of directors which is made up of 14 members qualified in different fields and occupying high positions in other companies. There are other executive officers in the bank such as Hope A. Hardison who is the Chief Administrative Officer, Michael J. Loughlin the Chief Risk Officer and John R. Shrewsberry the Chief Financial Officer among others. All the corporate leaders work together in setting and implementing strategies that shape the banks operations (Wells Fargo, 2018). Wells Fargo Account Fraud ScandalWells Fargo faced an account fraud scandal which has had a negative impact on the companys reputation and developed trust issues with the customers. The scandal involved creation of fraudulent fake accounts by the banks employees on behalf of the customers without getting their consent. These accounts were used in moving money from the legitimate accounts held by the customers. Employees also ordered credit cards for customers who had been pre-approved. Through the pinning process, they set pin for the customers and enrolled them to banking services such as online banking. In doing this, the employees aimed at meeting sales quotas, receiving incentive bonuses and pleasing their supervisors and managers. Key issues in the scandal included falsification of records, forging of customers signature, opening accounts for customers without their consent, wrongful fee charges as well as illegal transfer of money from legitimate accounts. These fraudulent activities went unnoticed for a long period of time until it was first reported in an LA Times article in 2013 (Comrie, 2017).The scandal resulted to the bank firing over 5,300 employees who had been involved in the scandal. In addition the bank eliminated the sales goals set for the employees. This is because such targets contributed significantly to the conduct of the employees as they sought to achieve them and please their supervisors. Another measure was to offer incentives to the employees for quality customer service (White, 2017).Financial performance both before and after the ethical lapseBefore the scandal, the company performed well financially and was able to overcome most of the pitfall and risky investments which brought about the fall of key bank in the 2008 financial crisis. The scandal however had a negative impact on the financial performance of Wells Fargo in the market as a result of reduced trust by the customers as well as the fines and penalti es that it had to pay. Wells Fargo reported net income of $4.57 billion in the third quarter of 2016 which was a significant drop from the $5.64 billion reported in the previous year for the same quarter. The drop in the companys net income also resulted to 2.75% drop in its shares (Koren, 2017).Ethical questions raised by the eventWells Fargo account fraud scandal raised different ethical questions about the operations of the bank. One of these is the lack of honesty and integrity in the bank where employees openly lied to the clients and kept secret the opening of new accounts. Another major issue is the failure of senior managers to take responsibility in establishing the right corporate culture. The fact that a large number of the employees were involved in the fraud and it went on for a long time shows that the bank failed to create an ethical culture. There was also the issue of transparency with the company given the fact that the senior management failed to publically acknowledge the problem in good time until it was covered by the Los Angeles Times (Koren, 2017).Different approach to managing the scandalThe situation facing the company should have been handled differently in order to overcome the adverse impacts. To start with, the senior management should have made public the issues relating to the fake accounts and assure its clients that necessary measures were being taken to rectify. This move would have helped to calm down the clients and other stakeholders such as the media and investors to safeguard the companys reputation and prevent a slump in business (White, 2017).The next measure would have been to work closely with the employees to establish the issues that were affecting them such as the excessive pressure to meet targets. Such a move would ensure that the organization did not lose employees who were experienced and having good understanding of customer needs. With good work environment and without excessive pressure to deliver, the employees would have focused on offering quality customer service hence protect the banks image (Verschoor, 2017).Lessons for managersOne of the key lessons for managers from the Wells Fargo scandal is to focus in creating an ethical culture in the organizations which would prevent employees from engaging in acts that can compromise is reputation. Managers should also have well designed compensation plans to avoid putting excessive pressure on employees. Transparency and timely communication is another important lesson for the managers as this would have helped to safeguard the companys reputation. Effective risk assessment and management is another key lesson for managers from the Wells Fargo scandal (Pastin, 2017).

Conflicts of the Orders Patrician and Plebeian

Conflicts of the Orders Patrician and Plebeian After the expulsion of the kings, Rome was ruled by its aristocrats (roughly, the patricians) who abused their privileges. This led to a struggle between the people (plebeians) and the aristocrats that is called the Conflict of the Orders. The term orders refers to the patrician and plebeian groups of Roman citizens. To help resolve the conflict between the orders, the patrician order gave up most of their privileges, but retained vestigial and religious ones, by the time of the lex Hortensia, in 287- a law was named for a plebeian dictator. This article looks at events leading to the laws referred to as the 12 Tablets, codified in 449 B.C. After Rome Expelled Their Kings After the Romans expelled their last king, Tarquinius Superbus (Tarquin the Proud), the monarchy was abolished in Rome. In its place, the Romans developed a new system, with 2 annually-elected magistrates called consuls, who served throughout the period of the republic, with two exceptions: when there was a dictator (or military tribune with consular powers) orwhen there was a decemvirate (about which, more on next page). Different Opinions on the Monarchy - Patrician and Plebeian Perspectives Magistrates, judges, and priests of the new republic mostly came from the patrician order, or upper class*. Unlike the patricians, the lower or plebeian class may have suffered under the early republican structure more than they had under the monarchy, since they now had, in effect, many rulers. Under the monarchy, they had endured just one. A similar situation in ancient Greece sometimes led the lower classes to welcome tyrants. In Athens, the political movement against a hydra-headed governing body led to the codification of laws and then democracy. The Roman path was different. In addition to the many-headed hydra breathing down their necks, the plebeians lost access to what had been regal domain and was now the public land or ager publicus, because the patricians who were in power, took control of it to increase their profits, running it by slaves or clients in the country while they and their families lived in the city. According to a descriptive, old-fashioned, 19th century history book written by the H.D. Liddell of Alice in Wonderland and Greek Lexicon fame, A History of Rome From the Earliest Times to the Establishment of the Empire, the plebeians were mostly not so well off petty yeomen on small farms who had needed the land, now public, to satisfy their families basic needs. During the first few centuries of the Roman republic, the number of chafing plebeians increased. This was partly because the plebeians population numbers increased naturally and partly because neighboring Latin tribes, granted citizenship by treaty with Rome, were enrolled in the Roman tribes. Gaius Terentilius Harsa was a tribune of the plebs that year. Thinking that the absence of the consuls afforded a good opportunity for tribunitian agitation, he spent several days in haranguing the plebeians on the overbearing arrogance of the patricians. In particular he inveighed against the authority of the consuls as excessive and intolerable in a free commonwealth, for whilst in name it was less invidious, in reality it was almost more harsh and oppressive than that of the kings had been, for now, he said, they had two masters instead of one, with uncontrolled, unlimited powers, who, with nothing to curb their licence, directed all the threats and penalties of the laws against the plebeians.Livy 3.9 The plebeians were oppressed by hunger, poverty, and powerlessness. Allotments of land didnt solve the problems of poor farmers whose tiny plots stopped producing when overworked. Some plebeians whose land had been sacked by the Gauls couldnt afford to rebuild, so they were forced to borrow. Interest rates were exorbitant, but since land couldnt be used for security, farmers in need of loans had to enter into contracts (nexa), pledging personal service. Farmers who defaulted (addicti), could be sold into slavery or even killed. Grain shortages led to famine, which repeatedly (among other years: 496, 492, 486, 477, 476, 456 and 453 B.C.) compounded the problems of the poor. Some patricians were making a profit and gaining slaves, even if the people to whom they lent money defaulted. But Rome was more than just the patricians. It was becoming the main power in Italy and would soon become the dominant Mediterranean power. What it needed was a fighting force. Referring back to the similarity with Greece mentioned earlier, Greece had needed its fighters, too, and made concessions to the lower classes in order to get bodies. Since there werent enough patricians in Rome to do all the fighting the young Roman Republic engaged in with its neighbors, the patricians soon realized they needed strong, healthy, young plebeian bodies to defend Rome. *Cornell, in Ch. 10 of The Beginnings of Rome, points out problems with this traditional picture of the makeup of early Republican Rome. Among other problems, some of the early consuls appear not to have been patricians. Their names appear later in history as plebeians. Cornell also questions whether or not patricians as a class existed prior to the republic and suggests that although the germs of the patriciate were there under the kings, the aristocrats consciously formed a group and closed their privileged ranks sometime after 507 B.C. In the first few decades following the expulsion of the last king, the plebeians (roughly, the Roman lower class) had to create ways of dealing with problems caused or exacerbated by the patricians (the ruling, upper class): poverty,occasional famine, andlack of political clout. Their solution to at least the 3rd problem was to set up their own separate, plebeian assemblies, and secede. Since the patricians needed the physical bodies of the plebeians as fighting men, the  plebeian secession  was a serious problem. The patricians had to yield to some of the plebeian demands. Lex Sacrata  and  Lex Publilia Lex  is the Latin for law;  leges  is the plural of  lex. It is thought that between laws passed in 494, the  lex sacrata, and 471, the  lex publilia, the patricians granted the plebeians the following concessions. the right to elect their own officers by tribeto recognize officially the plebeians sacrosanct magistrates, the tribunes. Among the soon to be acquired powers of the tribune was the important  right to veto. Codified Law After inclusion in the ranks of the ruling class via the office of tribune and the vote, the next step was for the plebeians to demand codified law. Without a written law, individual magistrates could interpret tradition however they wished. This resulted in unfair and seemingly arbitrary decisions. The plebeians insisted that this custom end. If laws were written down, magistrates could no longer be so arbitrary. There is a tradition that in 454 B.C. three commissioners went to Greece* to study its written legal documents. In 451, upon the return of the commission of three to Rome, a group of 10 men was established to write down the laws. These 10, all patricians according to the ancient tradition (although one appears to have had a plebeian name), were the  Decemviri  [decem10; virimen]. They replaced the years consuls and tribunes and were given additional powers. One of these extra powers was that the  Decemviris decisions could not be appealed. The 10 men wrote down laws on 10 tablets. At the end of their term, the first 10 men were replaced by another group of 10 in order to finish the task. This time, half the members may have been plebeian. Cicero, writing some 3 centuries later, refers to the 2 new tablets, created by the second set of  Decemviri  (Decemvirs), as unjust laws. Not only were their laws unjust, but the Decemvirs who wouldnt step down from office began to abuse their power. Although failure to step down at the end of the year had always been a possibility with the consuls and dictators, it hadnt happened. Appius Claudius One man, in particular, Appius Claudius, who had served on both decemvirates, acted despotically. Appius Claudius was from an originally Sabine family that continued to make its name known throughout Roman history. The blind censor,  Appius Claudius, was one of his descendants. In 279 Appius Claudius Caecus (blind) expanded the lists from which soldiers could be drawn so as to include those without property. Before then soldiers had to have a certain level of property in order to enlist.Clodius Pulcher  (92-52 B.C.) the flamboyant tribune whose gang caused trouble for Cicero, was another descendant.Appius Claudius was also a member of the gens that produced the Claudians in the Julio-Claudian dynasty of Roman emperors. This early despotic Appius Claudius pursued and brought a fraudulent legal decision against a free woman, Verginia, daughter of a high ranking soldier, Lucius Verginius. As a result of Appius Claudius lustful, self-serving actions, the plebeians seceded again. To restore order, the Decemvirs finally abdicated, as they should have done earlier. The laws the  Decemviri  created were meant to resolve the same basic problem that had faced Athens when  Draco  (whose name is the basis for the word draconian because his laws and punishments were so severe) was asked to codify Athenian laws. In Athens, before Draco, interpretation of the unwritten law had been done by the nobility who had been partial and unfair. Written law meant everyone was theoretically held to the same standard. However, even if exactly the same standard were applied to everyone, which is always a wish more than a reality, and even if the laws were written, a single standard doesnt guarantee reasonable laws. In the case of the 12 tablets, one of the laws prohibited marriage between plebeians and patricians. Its worth noting that this discriminating law was on the supplemental two tablets those written while there were plebeians among the Decemvirs, so it is not true that all plebeians opposed it. Military Tribune The 12 tablets  were an important move in the direction of what we would call equal rights for the plebeians, but there was still much to do. The law against intermarriage between the classes was repealed in 445. When the plebeians proposed that they should be eligible for the highest office, the consulship, the Senate wouldnt completely oblige, but instead created what we might call a separate, but equal new office known as  military tribune with consular power. This office effectively meant plebeians could wield the same power as the patricians. Secession [secessio]: Withdrawal or the threat of withdrawal from the Roman state during times of crisis. Why Greece? We know of Athens as the birthplace of democracy, but there was more to Romans decision to study the Athenian legal system than this, especially since there is no reason to think the Romans were trying to create an Athenian-like democracy.Athens, too, once had an underclass suffering at the hands of the nobles. One of the first steps taken was to commission Draco to write down the laws. After Draco, who recommended capital punishment for crime, continued problems between rich and poor led to the appointment of Solon the law-giver.Solon and the Rise of Democracy In  The Beginnings of Rome, its author, T. J. Cornell, gives examples of English translations of what was on the 12 Tables. (The tablet placement of the injunctions follows H. Dirksen.) Whoever shall have been lacking witness, he is to go every other day to clamor (?) at the door (II.3)They are to make a road. Unless they laid it with stones, he is to drive carts where he shall wish (VII.7)If the weapon flew from [his] hand rather than [he] threw it (VIII.24)Table III says that a debtor who cannot  repay within a set period can be sold into slavery, but only abroad and across the Tiber (i.e. not in Rome, since Roman citizens could not be sold into slavery in Rome). As Cornell says, the code is hardly what we would think of as a code, but a list of injunctions and prohibitions. There are specific areas of concern: family, marriage, divorce, inheritance, property, assault, debt, debt-bondage (nexum), freeing of slaves, summonses, funeral behavior, and more. This hodge-podge of laws does not seem to clarify the position of plebeians but instead seems to address questions in areas in which there was disagreement. It is the 11th Table, one of the ones written by the plebeian-patrician group of Decemvirs, that lists the injunction against plebeian-patrician marriage. Sources Scullard, H. H.  A History of the Roman World, 753 to 146 BC. Routledge, 2008.

Albrecht von Wallenstein in the Thirty Years War

Albrecht von Wallenstein in the Thirty Years War Born at Heà ¸manice, Bohemia on September 24, 1583, Albrecht von Wallenstein was the son of a minor noble family. Initially raised as a Protestant by his parents, he was sent to a Jesuit school in Olmà ¼tz by his uncle after their death. While at Olmà ¼tz he professed to convert to Catholicism, though he subsequently attended the Lutheran University of Altdorf in 1599. Following additional schooling at Bologna and Padua, von Wallenstein joined the army of Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II. Fighting against the Ottomans and Hungarian rebels, he was commended for his service at the siege of Gran. Rise to Power: Returning home to Bohemia, he married the wealthy widow Lucretia Nikossie von Landeck. Inheriting her fortune and estates in Moravia upon her death in 1614, von Wallenstein used it buy influence. After splendidly fitting out a company of 200 cavalries, he presented it to Archduke Ferdinand of Styria for use in fighting the Venetians. In 1617, von Wallenstein married Isabella Katharina. The couple had two children, though only one, a daughter, survived infancy. With the outbreak of the Thirty Years War in 1618, von Wallenstein declared his support for the Imperial cause. Forced to flee his lands in Moravia, he brought the provinces treasury to Vienna. Equipping a regiment of cuirassiers, von Wallenstein joined the army of Karel Bonaventura Buquoy and saw service against the Protestant armies of Ernst von Mansfeld and Gabriel Bethlen. Winning notice as a brilliant commander, von Wallenstein was able to recover his lands after the Catholic victory at the Battle of White Mountain in 1620. He also benefited from the favoritism of Ferdinand who had ascended to post of Holy Roman Emperor in 1619. The Emperors Commander: Through the emperor, von Wallenstein was able to acquire the large estates that had belonged to his mothers family as well as purchased huge tracts of confiscated land. Adding these to his holdings, he reorganized the territory and named it Friedland. In addition, military successes brought titles with the emperor making him an imperial count palatine in 1622, and a prince a year later. With the entry of the Danes into the conflict, Ferdinand found himself without an army under his control to oppose them.  While the army of the Catholic League was in the field, it belonged to Maximilian of Bavaria. Seizing the opportunity, von Wallenstein approached the emperor in 1625 and offered to raise an entire army on his behalf. Elevated to Duke of Friedland, von Wallenstein initially assembled a force of 30,000 men. On April 25, 1626, von Wallenstein and his new army defeated a force under Mansfield at the Battle of Dessau Bridge. Operating in conjunction with the Count of Tillys Catholic League Army, von Wallenstein campaigned against Mansfeld and Bethlan. In 1627, his army swept through Silesia clearing it of Protestant forces. In the wake of this victory, he purchased the Duchy of Sagan from the emperor. The next year, von Wallensteins army moved into Mecklenburg in support of Tillys efforts against the Danes. Named Duke of Mecklenburg for his services, von Wallenstein was frustrated when his siege of Stralsund failed, denying him access to the Baltic and the ability to confront Sweden and the Netherlands at sea. He was further distressed when Ferdinand announced the Edict of Restitution in 1629. This called for the return of several principalities to Imperial control and the conversion of their inhabitants to Catholicism. Though von Wallenstein personally opposed the edict, he began moving his 134,000-man army to enforce it, angering many of the German princes. This was hampered by the intervention of Sweden and the arrival of its army under the gifted leadership of King Gustavus Adolphus. In 1630, Ferdinand called a meeting of the electors at Regensburg with the goal of having his son voted as his successor. Angered by von Wallensteins arrogance and actions, the princes, led by Maximilian, demanded the commanders removal in exchange for their votes. Ferdinand agreed and riders were sent to inform von Wallenstein of his fate. Return to Power: Turning his army over to Tilly, he retired to Jitschin in Friedland. While he lived on his estates, the war went badly for the emperor as the Swedes crushed Tilly at the Battle of Breitenfeld in 1631. The following April, Tilly was defeated at killed at Rain. With the Swedes in Munich and occupying Bohemia, Ferdinand recalled von Wallenstein. Returning to duty, he swiftly raised a new army and cleared the Saxons from Bohemia. After defeating the Swedes at Alte Veste, he encountered Gustavus Adolphus army at Là ¼tzen in November 1632. In the battle that ensued, von Wallensteins army was defeated but Gustavus Adolphus was killed. Much to the emperors dismay, von Wallenstein did not exploit the kings death but rather retreated into winter quarters. When the campaign season began in 1633, von Wallenstein mystified his superiors by avoiding confrontations with the Protestants. This was largely due to his anger over the Edict of Restitution and his beginning secret negotiations with Saxony, Sweden, Brandenburg, and France to end the war. While little is known regarding the talks, he claimed to be seeking a just peace for a unified Germany. Downfall: While von Wallenstein worked to stay loyal to the emperor, it is clear that he was seeking to aggrandize his own power. As the talks flagged, he sought to reassert his power by finally going on the offensive. Attacking the Swedes and Saxons, he won his final victory at Steinau in October 1633. After von Wallenstein moved to winter quarters around Pilsen, news of the secret talks reached the emperor in Vienna. Moving quickly, Ferdinand had a secret court find him guilty of treason and signed a patent removing from command on January 24, 1634. This was followed by an open patent charging him with treason which was published in Prague on February 23. Realizing the danger, von Wallenstein rode from Pilsen to Eger with the goal of meeting with the Swedes. Two nights after arriving, a plot was put into motion to eliminate the general. Scots and Irish dragoons from von Wallensteins army seized and killed many of his senior officers, while a small force, led by Walter Devereux, killed the general in his bedroom. Selected Sources Albrecht von WallensteinNNDB: Albrecht von WallensteinThirty Years War

Advertising and society Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Advertising and society - Research Paper Example This essay "Advertising and Society" describes the history of the ad and how the advertising industry works. Advertisement started among the ancient Babylonian Empire and from there the rest was history. â€Å"The first evidence of advertising was found among the ancient Babylonian Empire and dates back to the 3000s BC.† Therefore advertisement has systematically worked its way up the ladder of human consciousness and taken many years to attain the status it has today –that of a potentially influential medium (Hayko, 2010). Many psychologists and scholars believe that advertising has affected our society in shocking ways. For years they have studied the mental and emotional affects it can trigger in individuals and in turn the society at large. The ways in which advertising affects our society have been both negative and positive and have been fundamental to the advertising industry. The advertisement industry lives to sell itself. This is the main focal point of the entire hubbub in the media and the cashing of various products and ads. Without this primary and hunter-like objective, the advertisement industry would not be able to gain as much profit as it does now through deception and mockery. Through this instinct for survival and the ‘subliminally stimulated patterns the advertisement industry has adopted in order to ensnare more and more customers to buy their products. In order to understand the workings of advertising, we need to discuss the pros and cons of the advertisement industry in o rder to see how they mirror our society.

Foreign Investment in Farmland Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Foreign Investment in Farmland - Essay Example The interrelated problems of over-industrialization, decades of poor land use policies, a rising population, scarcity of resources like water, and the skyrocketing prices of food have made governments in the developed parts of the world realise that they cannot feed their peoples with oil and asphalt, and therefore should seek out alternatives. Experts agree that something big is taking place and that there are risks involved to small-holder farmers. These fears revolved mainly but not exclusively around the themes of food insecurity and peasant dispossession. The disagreement is how to read the issue and what solutions are necessary in order to address the dangers. For organizations such as the World Bank, these are birth pains of a new but promising phenomenon, and whatever risks are taking place can be solved by corporate responsibility and efficient governance of land. This means making sure that there is no corruption, that small-holder farmers get to see the contracts to lease their land, that farmers are given titles so that they can transact freely and equally. The World Bank’s opinion on this matter is laid down in its recent publication, Rising Global Interest in Farmland: Can It Yield Sustainable and Equitable Benefits by the World Bank (2010). For another group of experts, however, the phenomenon is something that must be resisted and that it indicates a new form of colonialism. They think that because the corporation wanting to take lands from the developing world are only after profit, it will result in farmers being displaced and dispossessed, and no more lands in the developing world to produce food. The World Bank report, dotted with case studies demonstrating the difficulties of rural peoples as a result of the rising phenomenon of transnational corporations and rich countries taking over their lands, states that the risks attaching to land grabbing actually â€Å"correspond to equally large opportunities† (page xxi) as long as a ccess to technology, capital markets, infrastructure and information are granted. It contends that foreign investments have the potential to make positive contributions to rural livelihood and can support small-holder farmers.. It is supported by experts such as Liversage, who contends that â€Å"mutually beneficial partnerships between small-holder farmers and private sector investors† (2010: 2) give benefits to both. On the other hand, critics of land grabbing have also stated their case. We turn to an article entitled From Threat to Opportunity: Problems with the Idea of a â€Å"Code of Conduct† for Land Grabbing by Saturnino Borras and Jennifer Franco (2010: 1). Borras and Franco argue that global land grabbing is a threat in and of itself, and the institutionalization of corporate responsibility mechanisms only serves to legitimize existing capitalist interests at the expense of the rural poor in the global south. They make the call for a human rights-framed, cate gorically pro-poor land policy framework that questions current production and consumption patterns. This is similar to the Accumulation by Dispossession that David Harvey (2006: 112) speaks of – â€Å"the perpetual search for natural resources of high quality that can be pillaged for surplus and surplus value production has therefore been a key aspct to the historical geography of capitalism.†

Publius Virgilius Maro Essay Example for Free

Publius Virgilius Maro Essay Aside from Christianity there is no other force that shaped Western civilization other than the Greco-Roman culture. And there is no better representation of that period in history other than Rome and Publius Viirgilius Maro, also known as Virgil. A closer examination of Virgil and his works made many to realize that Virgil was a byproduct of events and it is the twin forces of the Roman Empire and Greek history that prompted Virgil to write. This paper will look into the two factors that influenced the writing of Publius Virgilius Maro. This can be done by looking first at the events that transpired before Virgil began writing and this means tracing back Greek and Roman history. The second way of knowing the connection between history and Virgils writings is to dig into his works and of course this means analyzing the Aeneid. It will be shown later that it is Roman history and Homer that shaped Virgil to become the writer that he was destined to be. Rome After more than two thousand years the world is still mesmerized by Rome. It is because of its legacy, it military prowess, and form of government. Rome was without equal when it comes to how it help shape Western history. Yet in the early days of Roman history there is not much to see. There is nothing that could make an outsider ascertain its potential to be a dominant ruler of known world in antiquity. Ting Morris traced its early development in obscurity and he remarked, â€Å"Rome began around 2,800 years ago as a few small settlements on wooded hills overlooking the Tiber River† (4). But then Rome began to distance itself from the Latin communities from which it was supposed to be a part of. What happens next began a series of development that will catapult this small community into the world map, â€Å"†¦the roman Republic conquered first Latium, then all of Italy. The Romans annexed much foreign territory to their own state, but they also established a system of alliances with all other states. This gave the Romans a vast reserve of manpower that allowed them to overthrow every major power in the Mediterranean†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Mackay, 40). A new age has come and a new military superpower was born. But when the Romans began to assimilate remnants of Alexanders Empire, the new European power came face to face with an ancient civilization whose insight into religion, politics, and philosophy was far ahead of its time. In short the Romans, â€Å" recognized something in Greek culture that was more impressive than anything Rome itself achieved, in spite of Romes unprecedented military success† (Cox). At this point Rome was all brute force. Yes the soldiers led by the Caesars were brave, strong and are very eager to make their mark in the battlefield but when it comes to culture, the Romans were barbarians compared to the Greeks. The Romans discovered an effective methodology in fighting wars and they even had the distinct advantage of knowing how to build an empire out of disparate tribes and nations. They were experts in campaigns that require traveling far from home and yet they lack one more thing. They did not have a good system that can be put in place after victory. This is similar to the idea that it is easy to start a war but the more difficult thing to do is how to end it. So when Rome began to feel the success of empire building the more that they felt the need for a way of life that will enhance their reputation in Europe while at the same time offer them an opportunity to enjoy life more. They found the answer from the sophisticated Greeks. Virgil The Romans had to learn from the Greeks and their history can be characterized not only by empire building but also by the why they incorporated Greek thought and the Greek’s way of life into their own unique system. Now there is none better who understood the need for assimilating Greek culture than the Roman intellectuals of that time. In fact, â€Å"Among the adaptors of Greek culture, none was more brilliant than the poet Virgil. He faced a formidable challenge. Everyone who encountered Greek culture recognized how much it was shaped by Homer† (Cox). This means that there is a great need to surpass Homer and if this is not possible then at least equal Homer’s genius. If this can be achieved then the Romans had done something which other Greek imitators failed to do and that is to provide a great explanation for their existence. A myth has to be created, a legend has to be made and the purpose for such an endeavor is obvious. There is a need for something that will hold the empire together. At the time of writing the Aeneid, Rome was again in the cusp of revolution. Julius Caesar was defeated by Augustus Caesar and so steps must be made to consolidate his power and to strengthen the arm of the new emperor. For a brilliant man like Virgil, times like this one is an opportunity that must be grabbed by both hands. Virgil proceeded to hit two birds with one stone. First he would write an epic that will explain the origins of Rome. He will do so by using stories that are already familiar among the people that he wants to see united under Augustus Caesar and during that time there was no other story quite like the one weaved by Homer centuries before. Virgil saw that epic struggle for good and evil; battles between heroes; and the self-sacrificial behavior of some heroes simply because they believe in something higher than themselves proved to be a formula hard to resist. Virgil was ready to accept the challenge. But it is clear from the beginning that it would not be an easy task. Aside from that Homer is a world unto itself. And as they say there is no way one can improve on perfection, the Iliad and the Odyssey are the blueprints for creating great epics and so what else can be done to make it better. Virgil was able to solve this problem by being inventive and by starting where Homer ended his story. When Troy fell, one of her sons went on to build another kingdom. But then again Virgil cannot escape the past. Virgil could not resist using a successful formula. As they say there is no need to fix what was broken. Judging from the power of the Iliad and the Odyssey to move people it is almost impossible not to use the same method and technique of telling a great story. And so Virgil copied many ideas from Homer. In the introduction to the Aeneid Levi Robert pointed out that: Virgil borrowed from Homer a great many items: his verse form, the division into twelve books, mythology, many episodes and similes. In the Aeneid Venus doubles for Nausicaa, Dido for Calypso and Circe, and Drances for Thersites. The funeral games the desecent into Hades, where Aeneas meets Dido as Odysseus met Ajax, the prophecy of Anchises, the catalogue of ships, Turnus attempt to burn them, a broken truce †¦ a quarrel of two Italian leaders †¦ and a final single combat (Robert, xiii). Aeneid The Aeneid is basically the story of Aeneas, the god-like leader of a band of Trojan refugees fleeing to Italy after the fall of Troy. In the beginning, Aeneas built a fleet with the goal in mind of settling in a foreign land and to finally establish a new nation of Trojans. In Virgil’s mind, he wanted the world to understand the basis for the establishment of the Roman Empire. And there is nothing as perfect as that. Hornstein, Percy and Brown’s book, The Reader’s Companion to World Literature, was very helpful in understanding the context from which Virgils Aeneid was written, and they said that it was written at a time of conflict. Italy was ravaged by more than fifty years of revolution and civil war. When the long-sought peace came, a new form of government was fashioned from a battle weary nation. And with the new set-up, ultimate power was in the hands of one man- Augustus Caesar. It was during this time that the Roman Virgil began working on the Aeneid. Hornstein, Brown and Percy wrote: Vergil began the poem in 29 B. C. , two years after the battle of Actium brought this period of civil war to an end. He had long been preparing for the task. His purpose was national: he desired to glorify the Roman people by his theme and exalt the Emperor in the person of his hero. (5) Homer Putnam acknowledge that Virgil is under the towering shadow of Homer when he made this judgment, â€Å"Homer himself, against whose essential insights into humanity, Virgil’s own achievement will always be measured. † Homer’s success allowed him to set the standard upon which others who will come after him will be forced to measure up. Allen Mandelbaum tells of how his previous study prevented him from fully appreciating Virgil’s works and he said, â€Å"One was a tag line of mark Van Doren that echoed through my youth with tenacious resonance: ‘Homer is a world; Virgil, a style’. † It also did not help that the critics saw Virgil as copying Homer, Gaskell said, â€Å"The overall plan of Virgil’s epic was plainly Homeric, with its main elements reversed: now the odyssey of the man comes first and the armed fighting follows it: but the Homeric parallels are many and obvious. † (161). The only major difference was that Homer was illiterate and therefore had to express the beauty of his poetry in oral reform. On the other hand Virgil was literate and he could study Homers Iliad and Odyssey in written form as well as compose his own epic and was able to write it down. This explains the difference in style but all the more strengthens the view that Virgil was strongly influenced by Homer. Conclusion Now the pieces of the puzzle begin to fall down into its proper places and one can now see the bigger picture. It was mentioned earlier that it was in 168 BC when the Romans began to conquer the remnants of Alexanders Empire and it is through the conquest of former Greek states that the Romans saw first hand the beauty that was Greece. In short the highly militaristic Romans lacked the cultural refinements that one can find in abundance in Greek societies. It is through the process of incorporating Greek culture into the Romans way of life that they rediscovered the power of Homeric poetry. It took the genius of Virgil to use Homers works and use it as the foundation for his own epic. And so in 29 BC Virgil began writing the Aeneid with the purpose of emulating what Homer has achieved in Greece. Homers Iliad and Odyssey provided a sense of identity for all Greeks and Virgil was hoping to achieve the same results. But the desire to incorporate Greek life into Roman life is easier said than done. But everyone who will try to copy from someone begins by copying almost everything that one can see and the eye can appreciate. For instance the Romans copied the design of their temples and they also described their gods using the same attributes found in Greek society. But there is no need to worry because the Roman changed the Greek sounding names of their gods into Roman names for their statues. Virgil attempted to accomplish two major things when he wrote the Aeneid. He wanted to impress the new emperor (Augustus Caesar) and secondly he wanted to have a unique Roman epic that will help unite the people. Virgil was successful in achieving both. The hero of the Aeneid was behaving in much the same way as Augustus Caesar especially with regards to his conquest and the subsequent creation of a new nation out of that sheer determination to succeed. Now for the second part, Virgil was also able to create an epic that can be comparable to Homer. It is true that he copied many things from Homer and yet at the same time his stories were never simply a rehash of what Homer did. Virgil simply needed an inspiration to get going and he found it in the character of Aeneas whom Homer briefly mentioned in his work. From this little known character, Aeneid began to build a story that made the peoples pulse to race. It was indeed an epic story of battles, of struggle between good and evil, of heroes who most of the time failed to achieve their potential and sometimes die a tragic death. The Aeneid is basically an explanation as to the existence of Rome. For many there is a need to have that kind of idea, that kind of emotional anchor in times of trouble. And there is no way to fully understand the impact of Aeneid towards the people of Rome. But one thing is sure Virgil’s work was able to unite the whole of the empire and is instrumental as to why the empire endured for so long. It is now very clear that that Virgil was influenced by historical events and the circumstances that surrounded his life. If there were two streams where these influences came from then Homer is a mighty source of inspiration while the politics and warfare in ancient Rome provided Virgil with more materials to use. In Rome’s struggle to carve out a nation in Europe was evident in Aeneid where the hero had to travel and faced with numerous risks just so he can establish a new nation. It was Homer who provided much influence for Virgil. If Homer did not produce the Iliad and Odyssey it is hard to imagine Virgil able to make his own. This is not to take away anything form the accomplishments of Virgil but it would be almost impossible for him to write beautifully without Homer as guide. Homer did not only provide the seed from which Virgil will grow a powerful story, Homer also provided the correct format. And so putting it all together it is now very clear that Virgil was a byproduct of the events that surrounded him. Yet even before he was born, Homer’s influence and genius was already felt in many parts of the Western world. When Virgil was still very young it is easy to imagine that he was already familiar with the Iliad and Odyssey and no doubt the stories found in those epics help to shape the way he thinks. Works Cited Appelbaum, Stanley. Ed. â€Å"The Aeneid by Vergil† Trans. Charles J. Billson. Canada: Dover Publications, 1995. Cox, John. Introduction to Virgil, The Aeneid. 2008. General Education at Hope College. 03 April 2008. http://www. hope. edu/academic/ids/171/Aeneid. html Gaskell, Philip. Ed. â€Å"Landmarks in Classical Literature† Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 1999. Hemminger, Bill. Exploring Ancient World Cultures: Rome. 1997. EAWC at University of Evansville. 02 April 2008. http://eawc. evansville. edu/ropage. htm Hornstein, L. H. , G. D. Percy, and Calvin S. Brown. Eds. â€Å"The Reader’s Companion to World Literature† New York: Penguin Putnam, Inc. , 1973. Knight, G. R. Wilson. Trans. â€Å"The Aeneid by Virgil† New York: Penguin Putnam, Inc. , 1956. Mackay, Christopher. â€Å"Ancient Rome: A Military and Political History. † New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Mandelbaum, Allen. Trans. â€Å"The Aeneid by Virgil† California: University of California Press, 1971. Morford, Mark P. O. and Robert J. Lenardon. â€Å"Classical Mythology† 7th ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. Morris, Ting. â€Å"Ancient Rome. † MN: Smart Apple Media, 2007.

Pipilotti Rist and Virtual Utopia Essay -- Art

Within new media, there exists the desire and possibility to produce new effects upon the viewer, to grant new experiences. Pipilotti Rist seeks the creation of virtual utopias within the limitations of the video medium in installations such as her recent work at the Museum of Modern Art, Pour Your Body Out (7354 Cubic Meters) in 2009. The work transforms the typically bare atrium of the Museum of Modern Art into an active environment, where a reciprocal relationship between the viewer and the projection can take place. Communication between viewers also forms an essential component in the work; discourse becomes the mediator in the spectator’s relationship to the imagery. The formal characteristics of the work are crucial in their produced effect upon the audience. It is a four panel screen landscape, whose size of 7354 cubic meters is made referent in the title. Despite its monumental size, the work does not function as an oppressive weapon but rather a positive force, one that is able to free us from our inhibitions. Rist frequently experiments with the various ways in which video can be projected onto surfaces. Though she does not push the technical boundaries of the video medium medium, she nonetheless pushes the limits within video projection. Requiring seven different projectors to be linked seamlessly, her work is a technical achievement for this feat alone. A large circular couch occupies the center of the exhibition space. Its shape is meant to be reminiscent of the human iris, but also bring to mind the iris of the camera as well. The camera is presented as a living eye in her work, capable of bending and twisting, contorting reality in its own light. It is at the same time a sensuous device, one that exp... ...eing an artwork. Works Cited Bickers, Patricia. Caressing SPACE. Art Monthly no. 350 (October 2011): 1-4. Art Full Text (H.W. Wilson), EBSCOhost (accessed May 28, 2012). Harris, Jane. "Psychedelic, baby: an interview with Pipilotti Rist." Art Journal 59, no. 4 (December 15, 2000): 68-79. Art Full Text (H.W. Wilson), EBSCOhost (accessed May 28, 2012). Hayden, Malin Hedlin. "Pipilotti Rist. Gravity, Be My Friend." Konsthistorisk Tidskrift 77, no. 3 (January 2, 2008): 200-207. Art Full Text (H.W. Wilson), EBSCOhost (accessed May 28, 2012). Iles, Chrissie. You are a Queen: The Selfless Spaces of Pipilotti Rist. Pipilotti Rist:Eyeball Massage. Edited by Stephanie Rosenthal. London, UK: Hayward Publishing, 2011. Rosenthal, Stephanie. Be My Friend!. Pipilotti Rist:Eyeball Massage. Edited by Stephanie Rosenthal. London, UK: Hayward Publishing, 2011.

Baptist Confessional Paper

When comparing one item to the other there will always be differences and similarities this is the essitanial aspect of comparing. For purposes of this paper, the two Anabaptist confessions, which will be looked at, are as follows. The New Hampshire Baptist Confession and the Free- Will Baptist Confession. The Basis of the New Hampshire Confession rests on the Calvinistic view of theology verses the Free-Will Baptist whose foundation is rooted in the Armenian aspects of theology. The very core of the differences between these two confessions lies in the positions of Armenian and Calvin theology, which will be the focus of this paper. An added difference, which warrants a little time is the stance the Free Will, took from the New Hampshire on the view of Ordinances of the church. Wrapping up will focus on how doctrinal differences between the two will affect the movements in their spheres of influence. Doctrine on God The focus of theology starts with a look at God, who He is and how He responds to those He has created. The view of God a person chooses will direct the flow of the flow of the person's theology. This being said the discussion would start with God. The New Hampshire Baptist (NHB) believed that God knew all things and therefore new exactly what would happen even before it happened because He determined it that way. The NHB looked at God as having complete and utter sovereignty over all creation. It is under this notion the NHB believed that God knew those who would chose to become His elect from the sinful nature of humanity. The NHB looked at this as an outpouring of God to all that would choose to live for Him. The NHB looked at this as God's â€Å"eternal purpose. One of the areas this confession does not mention is why God chooses one over another. God election is solely based upon His goodness and holiness, that He would be glorified according to His nature. God places His glory above all things in so much He commands there will be no other God before Him. On the other hand, the Free-Will Baptist (FWB) believes God does not preordain people to be called to Him. FWB believes God only ordains the ends, not the middle, or the means. The FWB believes God gives humankind a sort of power. This power would be considered free will. Free will or the power to choose and therefore determine what things may come by the hand of man. The FWB believe God governs by† moral law and motives† men were thought of as having the ability to bring about the ends He desired. FWB could not understand how a man could be responsible for his action if he does not have the freedom to create possibilities of his own choosing. FWB attempts to break down the concept of the NHB and the idea of God having foreknowledge of all things verses His foreordination of all things. The FWB believes that all things are with God from the beginning to the end. The FWB believe God's knowledge of the events does not cause them to happen, the FWB also believe that not all the things God knows will happen. FWB knows that God is omniscience but they deny His foreordination of all things such as the HHB does. The FWB have an understanding to which makes God in some very dependent of the creature or creation. They also have an issue with God's foreknowledge and His foreordination and could not break apart the bond between them. Although both needed to define God's omnipotence. God knows what will happen and what will cause thing to happen, therefore while He knows some of the happenings, He also knows what will be needed should we need a way out. FWB focuses on God's willingness to act on certain things or react and allow history to unfold as it would. The Nature of Man The NHC confession of Faith believes the fall of man from a state of joy and communion with God is due to the free will of man. Due to this fall, humanity is separated from God and therefore doomed to an eternal death without excuse because of its own choice. This idea follows along with Calvinism's doctrine of Total Depravity. Although the NHC falls along the lines of Calvinism there are quite a few aspects of the doctrine they did not follow such as man's spiritual deadness, black minds dark hearts, and shackles to sin, as well as man's incapability to change. On the other hand, the FWB builds their faith upon the presupposition that God gives every man free will. FWB believe that although this free will caused men to fall that by the same free will men can choose to change their present state by Christ. The FWB anthropology is closely linked within their outlook on Christology, with its focus on Atonement of Jesus. Atonement The NHB hold strongly to the foundation of â€Å"full atonement. † The NHB believe that atone was a two part concept which involved a universal and a limited area. The universal part took the stance that Christ atonement was sufficient for the salvation all humankind. The limited area was efficient for only the elect of God. NHB held that Christ knew whom He was giving His life for, and these few were by far and large secure in their salvation. The FWB held a special place in the confession of faith when speaking of salvation. The idea can be summed up in the following words â€Å"The call of the Gospel is co-extensive with the atonement to all me, birth by word and the striving of the Spirit, so that salvation is rendered equally possible to all; and if any fail of eternal life, the fault is wholly his own†. The FWB held to the belief men would be changed to a point where they would be able to choose for themselves salvation. When Christ gave His life this supplied the salvation to those that would believe, but the atonement would not be applied to this salvation. The only way the application of Christ's atonement would be placed on a man once he believed in Christ as Lord and savior then through the Spirit the atonement would apply to this person. The Influence of the Holy Spirit NHB hold fast to the belief that God's grace begins the regeneration process through the workings of the Holy Spirit within the person. The gift is given freely to those who choose a relationship with God. God decrees in order for many people to hear the word of God and thus hear of salvation to all that would accept this call by the Holy Spirit. The NHB also adhere to the fact that those who will continue to reject the promoting of the Spirit upon their hearts would not be forced to live for God. One of the doctrines of the HNB would follow that God does not care to follow people in this way. FWB have an outlook such that to say God loves those of His elect different than those outside His elect would strike up an argument. The FWB believe God's atonement is equal for all people and therefore His calling upon the hearts of man are equal. God would place people in places where they are faced with the decision to call upon Him for atonement but the actual turning away from self and acceptance of atonement is men alone. God cannot choose the right decision or the wrong decision in the doctrine of the FWB. Perseverance of the Saints The NHB like any other denomination will follow its doctrines to their logical conclusions. Believing is â€Å"wrought in our souls† because of the regenerating Spirit of God's work within His elect is â€Å"wholly of grace† then the preservation of those elect in a state of salvation is entirely based on the power of God. If God wants, you saved then you will be saved. On the other hand, the FWB hold fast to their doctrine to which if the act of believing comes from a man's few will then his choice to remain in the salvation state is also from his free will. A blurb from their doctrine defines it clearly† future obedience and final salvation are neither determined nor certain, since through infirmity and manifold temptation they are in danger of falling. † The Sacraments The NHB state in their confession there are only two ordinances they hold to. The first being the Baptism and the second being the Lord's Supper. However, the FWB also holds the Lord's Supper and the Baptism of its members but adds a third, which is washing the feet of the Saints. Conclusion In conclusion of the findings between these two different groups is very clear. The doctrines to which govern these groups are first and for most deep-rooted, and secondly quite different. It would be interesting at the very least to see a debate between these groups. It is quite clear the Free Will Baptist doctrine focus is centered on the man. The man makes up his own mind, the man continues to follow his own decision or not. This idea of man focused is can be seen not only in Christianity but also in new age and many other religions worldwide. While on the other hand the focus of the New Hampshire Baptist is solely, focus on God. Their entire doctrine is focused on a position of humility, peace, love, and joy from the man towards his creator. Though both have their many differences, the bottom line is both were different from the norm of their time and were hunted because they sought many differences from the power of the state-church at that time.